J. Robert Oppenheimer, Manhattan Project Director

J. Robert Oppenheimer, Manhattan Project Director J. Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904–February 18, 1967) was a physicist and the director of the Manhattan Project, the United States effort during World War II to create an atomic bomb. Oppenheimers struggle after the war with the morality of building such a destructive weapon epitomized the moral dilemma that faced scientists who worked to create the atomic and hydrogen bombs. Fast Facts: Robert J. Oppenheimer Known For: Leader of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bombAlso Known As: Father of the Atomic BombBorn: April 22, 1904 in New York City,  New YorkParents: Julius Oppenheimer, Ella FriedmanDied: February 18, 1967 in Princeton, New JerseyEducation: Harvard College, Christs College, Cambridge, University of Gà ¶ttingenPublished Works:  Science and the Common Understanding, The Open Mind, The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for PhysicistsAwards and Honors:  Enrico Fermi Award  Spouse: Katherine Kitty PueningChildren: Peter, KatherineNotable Quote: If atomic bombs are to be added as new weapons to the arsenals of a warring world, or to the arsenals of the nations preparing for war, then the time will come when mankind will curse the names of Los Alamos and Hiroshima. The people of this world must unite or they will perish. Early Life Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, to Ella Friedman, an artist, and Julius S. Oppenheimer, a textile merchant. The Oppenheimers were German-Jewish immigrants but did not keep religious traditions. Oppenheimer attended the Ethical Culture School in New York. Although J. Robert Oppenheimer easily grasped both the sciences and humanities (and was especially good at languages), he graduated from Harvard in 1925 with a degree in chemistry. Oppenheimer continued his studies and graduated from the University of Gottingen in Germany with a Ph.D. After earning his doctorate, Oppenheimer traveled back to the U.S. and taught physics at the University of California at Berkeley. He became well known for being both a well-regarded teacher and a research physicist- not a common combination. In 1940, Oppenheimer married Katherine Peuning Harrison and their eldest child was born. Harrison, a radical student at Berkeley, was one of many communists in Oppenheimers circle of friends. The Manhattan Project During the beginning of World War II, news arrived in the U.S. that the Nazis were progressing toward the creation of an atomic bomb. Though the Americans were already behind, they believed they could not allow the Nazis to build such a powerful weapon first. In June 1942, Oppenheimer was appointed the director of the Manhattan Project, Americas team of scientists that would work to create an atomic bomb. Oppenheimer threw himself into the project and proved himself not only a brilliant scientist but also an exceptional administrator. He brought the best scientists in the country together at the research facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico. After three years of research, problem-solving,  and original ideas, the first small atomic device was exploded on July 16, 1945, in the lab at Los Alamos. Having proved their concept worked, a larger scale bomb was built and exploded at the Trinity site. Less than a month later, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. A Problem With His Conscience The massive destruction the bombs inflicted troubled Oppenheimer. He had been so caught up in the challenge of creating something new and the competition between the U.S. and Germany that he- and many of the other scientists working on the project- had not considered the human toll that would be caused by these bombs. After the end of World War II, Oppenheimer began to voice his opposition to creating more atomic bombs and specifically opposed developing a more powerful bomb using hydrogen, known as a hydrogen bomb. Unfortunately, his opposition to the development of these bombs caused the United States Atomic Energy Commission to examine his loyalty and questioned his ties to the Communist Party in the 1930s. The Commission decided to revoke Oppenheimers security clearance in 1954. Award From 1947 to 1966, Oppenheimer worked as the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1963, the Atomic Energy Commission recognized Oppenheimers role in the development of atomic research and awarded him the prestigious Enrico Fermi Award. Death Oppenheimer spent his remaining years researching physics and examining the moral dilemmas related to scientists. Oppenheimer died in 1967 at age 62 from throat cancer. Legacy The invention of the atomic bomb had a profound impact on the outcome of World War II and on the ensuing Cold War and arms race. Oppenheimers personal ethical dilemma has become the focus of myriad books and several plays, including In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Sources â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904 - 1967).†Ã‚  Atomic Archive.â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer.†Ã‚  Atomic Heritage Foundation, 22 Apr 1904.â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer.†Ã‚  United States History.

Biology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biology - Assignment Example The number of cups of coffee should also depend on how much the escort and the professor can wager. 4. I believe the cups should not be identical. Perhaps there should be 3 designs and 4 pieces each, so 12. Maybe the design can affect the result of the experiment. I believe one kind of design is glass, another is plastic and the other is ceramic, because the coffee or milk might taste different with different material of the cup. If possible, I would like to prepare some cold and some hot, because it is possible that temperature might also affect the taste of the coffee or milk. 5. The order that the cups should be presented must be random so the only way I could think of is by jumbling the arrangement of all 12 cups but the escort and professor should take note which cup has milk or coffee added first. After that, any random cup from the group of 12 cups can be given to the model until she finishes tasting everything. 6. I think if she has guessed at least 75% of the cups correctly (minimum of 9), then we can say that the hypothesis is true. If we decide only after 50%, then maybe it is not enough and maybe she is just a good guesser. 1. The hypothesis I chose was different because it was a practical hypothesis. According to Fisher, if we use a null hypothesis we can exclude the possibility that the order of the cups has an influence on the results. However, if we use another hypothesis, then there might be confusion. So it is better to say that the order of the cups and other factors have no effect on the ability of the model to distinguish whether coffee or milk was added first. 2. My answer was the same as Fisher’s. I thought that â€Å"if only two cups are given to the model, then she will be able to simply freely guess whether the first cup had milk added first or if it is the second one.† According to Fisher, if only 3 cups can be chosen, then complete success can be achieved by pure chance. 3. I said the

Stalin and Hitler Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stalin and Hitler - Essay Example However the research defines that they were triumphant within their countries for an extensive period of time and gives the comparable ways in which they acquired the power that they did. Historians have claimed that their successes could be attributed to the facts that they laid claim to new ideas and political approaches which in fact gave them approval from the citizens of the countries they ruled over for many years. Through the many detailed reports that have been compiled over time it is easily seen that Hitler and Stalin despised each other immensely but this did not change the fact both had common characteristics (Nolte 1999). Because Stalin became focused on building what was seemingly an industrialized empire with little regard for the people, the time period he ruled under was known as "Stalinism" (Nolte 1999). For Hitler, it has been common knowledge for decades now, and even during the time of his ruling that he was focused on communism and developing the world into a communist one, carrying out genocides on cultures that refuted his rule. Therefore, the time of his leadership and power over others was depicted as, "Nazism" (Nolte 1999). Although these are two different types of mental philosophies they hold key elements that are strikingly similar, the main being the thirst for power that both held, again with little acknowledgement for those people that they each considered beneath th em. The each rose to the highest possible position of power attainable in both their countries, ruling with what could only be termed as an iron thumb. For awhile both brainwashed the citizens into believing what was nothing other than false lies and hopes for a better world to live in, and again for a period of time the people followed both of these leaders willingly. The three main reasons they both were able to gain power over people such as this was due to their utilization of propaganda, their amoral views, and the ambition they both had to gain power in the world (Nolte 1999). However, it was also what led to their defeat as well, as history clearly shows. Because they were both known to be quite skilled in the utilization of propaganda, they had the ability of using their words to brainwash and manipulate others into believing that everything that they stated was true. It was undoubtedly through this form of power that they gained the ability to get people to do anything they wanted, which is a fact that points out the characteristic of amorality they both shared as a common trait (Kreis 2006). It could also be said that due to the fact that both Germany and Russia were attempting to recover from WWI, it gave the opportune chance for these dictators to have the opening to rise to a seat of power in their countries because the citizens were searching for hope and wanted to believe that a change in the right direction was going to be possible. However, instead of positivism coming out of the people giving approval for these two leaders to rule over their geographical areas, what happened instead was a nightmare in which the world that they thought was bad worsened due to both of these men demeaning human individuality under the

Kodak and Fujifilm Essay Example for Free

Kodak and Fujifilm Essay Kodak, which was once known as Eastman Kodak Company, was founded by George Eastman in 1888. This invention enabled inventor Thomas Edison to create the first motion picture camera in 1891. Kodak’s photography and imaging was its main big thing and was widely used from photography equipment to film, paper and color chemicals. Kodak set the standards high for quality when making its motion picture films. (Kodak) In the 1980’s, Kodak’s market share reached 90%. In the 1800’s he also invented an emulsion-coating machine which enabled him to mass-produce photographic dry plates, he was one of the first to prove the great convenience of gelatin dry plates over the cumbersome and messy wet plate photography prevalent in his day. Dry plates could be exposed and developed at the photographers convenience; wet plates had to be coated, exposed at once, and developed while still wet. The name Kodak was born and the KODAK camera was placed on the market, with the slogan, You press the button we do the rest. (Kodak) Kodak went on to become one of the biggest expanding the major impact it brought to pictures. It grew into helping the health industry by devising films that detected radiation exposure for developing the atomic bomb. (Kodak) Kodak went on to play significant roles with joint ventures from Nasa, Sun Chemical, and other big ventures. By 1962 the company’s U. S. consolidated sales exceed $1 billion for the first time. Its work force tops 75,000. Today Kodak’s estimated total market capitalization is about $900 million (Forbes) Kodak was a pioneer of photography and imaging and that was its core business. Kodak came before Fujifilm and was able to evolve and adapt quickly to the market changes. In January 2012, Kodak filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and in January 2013 it exited bankruptcy. Kodak’s downfall I think was that it was not able to keep up with the technology changes and multiple new waves of how it evolved. Ethics and social responsibility was on its side because of the good it did for the world through the company’s research and the profit margin showed that. Being able to help NASA and hospitals showed there ethical practices. Customers were satisfied and they trusted the brand. Obviously for them to have gone bankrupt means there was a breakdown in financial strategies and decision making. Fujifilm was established in 1934 with the aim of producing photographic films. Over the decades we have diversified into new markets and built a strong presence around the globe. It was founded by (Fujifilm. com) It emerged with its photographic film manufacturing industry and then began operating, producing photographic film, print paper, dry plates, and other photosensitive materials. It went through several name changes starting as Fuji Photo film and ending up as Fujifilm. Fujifilm may have started as a manufacturer of photographic film, but the companys decision to branch into many areas of business including a transition to a digital camera manufacturer in the past several years has been a successful one. (camersabout. com) Fuji has crossed over into hospitals providing x-rays and medical imaging. Fujifilm has offered photographic film, motion picture film, color reversal film slides, microfilm, color negatives, 8mm motion picture film, and videotape. Beyond film, the company also has offered computer storage tape, computer floppy disks, and offset printing plates. Fujifilm made its first digital still camera in 1988, the DS-1P, and it was the worlds first digital camera with removable media. The company also created the first one-time-use recyclable film camera, the Quick Snap, in 1986. (Cameras about. com) Fuji dominated overseas and has embraced change and diversity to become a more effective force for a better future. Fujifilm has continued to maximize other resources effectively to achieve healthy growth.. In 2007, Fujifilm cameras ranked eighth worldwide in number of digital cameras manufactured, with about 8. 3 million units, according to a Techno Systems Research report. Fujifilm cameras, sometimes shortened to Fuji cameras, held a market share of about 6. 3%. (fujifilm. com) they too have been innovators and there management strategies have kept them on top and out of trouble such as bankruptcy. Kodak was not quick as Fuji was to adapt and they adapted quickly to stay well liked in the marketplace. They went from just hot in Japan to being second in the lead below Kodak in film usage, Both companies show what their approach to ethics and social responsibility are by their profits and success. It takes good decision making, quick turn around, and constant change to ensure diversity with any company. Flexibility, the right marketing, and speed are important in decision making. Fuji was smart and aggressive going from overseas to the global market with their low prices that made for a powerful marketing strategy. 1984 Los Angeles Olympics put them on the map when they became the official film of the event. Kodak made bad investments that caused them to eventually go bankrupt. It acquired Sterling drug for 1. 5 billion in January of 1988 and it turned out to be a bad investment and they wind up selling it off. Once it started falling the CEO was not able to revive it. Both companies made photography and imaging as their core business but Fuji even though it started later had the better adaptability. Fuji stayed reinventing itself and evolved with the change to invent better products. Kodak seems to come to a standstill even when the smart phone was introduced. When making decisions to build in flexibility you need to access the option, define the problem, adjust your approach and have innovative thinking. (Houston chronicle, by Amber Keefer, Demand Media) Before proceeding with you of action you have to choose an adequate course of action, and then you define the problem. Gather information, evaluating possible solutions and estimating the outcomes are crucial steps in the decision-making process. The objective is to take a situation from its current circumstances and move it toward a future goal. When making decisions you have to understand what you need to change and come up with ideas on how to improve the situation. After analyzing the problem, the next step is to find a solution before making a decision and implementing changes. Consider the advantages and disadvantages of each of the options available. Think about the value of the actions you can take. After you decide on a solution, you might want to change your approach.. Evaluate new information as it becomes available to you. Flexibility in decision making allows you to learn from your mistakes and then move toward a successful outcome. When you prepare to implement change, it is important to consider your organization’s future needs and objectives. You have to consider various options as solutions to a problem tend to put more thought into making decisions. Critical thinking is important. Flexibility in problem solving is key and involves interpreting information, drawing conclusions and considering the implications. A decision maker must identify weaknesses of the situation and move to remove it from the equation. Then finally as you approach the final decision change often requires adjusting your approach to meet the unexpected. Keeping an open mind is important when considering the overall situation and looking at all facets of the problem. Building flexibility in decision making requires that you be receptive to change. Even the best-laid plans hit unanticipated obstacles. The key is to know when to adjust your approach. Effective decision makers demonstrate the ability to shift priorities as the need arises and show a willingness to achieve objectives by taking advantage of new opportunities. (Houston chronicle, by Amber Keefer, Demand Media) Kodak was first out the door in the business industry but made some financial mistakes that cost them in the end. They were not fast paced like Fuji with keeping up with the industryand keeping their technology current. Fuji looked for newer marketing strategies to please their customers and kept evolving. That would explain their success today. , Fujifilm has transformed itself into a solidly profitable business, with a market capitalization, even after a rough year, of some $12. 6 billion to Kodak’s $220m (petapixel. com) Kodak filed a lawsuit against Fuji claiming they had infringed on Kodak’s digital photography patents.

Colorblind Love Essay -- Pesronal Narrative Ethnicity Racism Papers

Colorblind Love I met my wife Aretha in the fall of 1997; she had just moved from Portland, Oregon, to my hometown of Portland, Maine. By Christmas we were dating, and before we knew it we were both graduating and heading to Boston for college. We’re now happily married and have a one-year-old baby girl. It sounds like a classic high school sweetheart romance, right? Well, to us, yes. But to many people, we’re â€Å"different†. These people’s views have nothing to do with our love, our relationship, or our daughter. They have to do with race. Yes, I’m talking about the mere color of our skin. My wife is Black and I am White. We’re both Americans, born on the same soil and raised within the same language and popular culture—all variables are equal except for our skin color. Yet many people see us as two entirely different types of people who do not belong together, as if Cupid’s arrows discriminate. Have these bigots ever bothered us? Of course, we’ve been affected in some ways. But overall, we thank them for their ignorance, as our relationship has only grown stronger. For instance, if we’re at the mall and a few people stare at us or point in our direction, we smile and wrap our arms around each other even tighter. A major reason we receive stares and assume special status is not only because of people’s views, but also because we are relatively rare. Slavery was abolished almost 140 years ago and our own parents witnessed the civil rights movement of the 1960’s. So why do interracial marriages still only account for 2.9 percent of all American marriages according to the latest U.S. Census data? Or more specifically, why do Black/White couples like Aretha and me account for only 0.7 percent? Of course there is no simple answer ... ... will approach melting pot status; the blender will grind the vegetables. If my grandchildren ever have to write a paper like this, my hope is that it will document success and the achievement of real racial equality. Works Cited: Randall Kennedy, Interracial Intimacies: Sex, Marriage, Identity, and Adoption, Pantheon Books, 2003; Maria Root, Love’s Revolution: Interracial Marriage, Temple University Press, 2001; Maria Root, â€Å"The Color of Love,† The American Prospect, 8 Apr. 2002; Michael Lind, â€Å"Far From Heaven,† The Nation, 16 Jun. 2003; Regan Good, â€Å"Questions for Randall Kennedy: Color Dynamics,† New York Times Magazine, 9 Feb. 2003; â€Å"Racial Patterns Across the United States,† Society, Nov./Dec. 2001; United States Census Bureau, "Interracial Married Couples", 12 Jun 2003, http://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/ tabMS-3.pdf.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology

Good afternoon everyone. The topic for our debate is that technology is making us less alienated, more sociable and more human. We, the negative team believe this statement is true. The first speaker Lily of the affirmative team has tried to tell you that†¦ this is wrong because†¦ the second speaker Lin of the affirmative team has tried to tell you that†¦ this is wrong because†¦ the third speaker of the affirmative team Moha has tried to tell you that†¦ this is wrong because†¦ our first speaker Bob has told you that†¦ he also spoke to you about†¦ our second speaker MB has told you that†¦ e lso spoke to you about†¦ our third speaker Ahemed has told you that †¦ he also spoke to you about†¦ so, in conclusion, our team†¦. We cannot escape from the absolute need of technology in our daily life. We are so dependent on technology that we cannot do without them. Starting from computers to keeping fit, we require technology at e very step. Technology helps us to keep in touch with people who are away from us. We use the telephones and computers to talk to them and even see them. Our daily office work is also technology based. No longer do people use the pen and paper to complete their work.We maintain our health by going to the gyms. There are machines in the gym which help us reduce our weight and keep fit. The use of technology has made our life comfortable. We cannot think of a life sans technology. We get to keep a lot of information in a small device and use it when we like. Cars have also become better with the use of technology. Thus technology is undeniably an important of our life. Communication has been made easier for example the internet has brought email and chatting facilities. Instead of sending letters to respective destinations, it is very easy to send an email which will be received instantly.

Factors Affecting Children s Social Emotional Development...

Are you a father? What does that mean to you? Do you understand how important your role as a father is? Do you think that society, in general, understands how important fathers are? Are Dads Important? Sometimes, it s easy to see how important something is by looking at how things turn out when that something isn t there. Fatherlessness[1][2][3] negatively affects children’s social-emotional development by increasing aggression, delinquency, and hyperactivity. The negative effects can be stronger if dad is not there during early childhood. The effects last well into the teenage years. increases risky behavior among teenagers. Examples include smoking and early childbearing. These are significant impacts. Looking at the stats, we can see that a child does well with the presence of a father in his or her life. Do fathers matter? Absolutely. Fatherhood Hurdles In some ways, fatherhood can be similar to motherhood, but fathers face unique challenges. Here are some examples: Career and Family Work-life balance is a concern for mothers and fathers. We ve come a long way, but society still says that womanhood is connected to caring for a family. So, there may be working mom guilt for women - the anxiety and / or fear that they are not taking care of their families. Society still says manhood is connected to the ability to provide. So, there is pressure on dads to make enough money to take care of the family s financial needs. For many men, this meansShow MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology Terms9960 Words   |  40 Pagesafter we got home from the hospital that our kid had a problem, the parents said. unless the parent is using 20-20 hindsight, the childs diagnosis most likely is im concerned about Ritalin use; its possible effects on childrens growth, and its increasing heart-attack risk in hypertensive adults an acquaintance worries. your best reply, based on the most recent research is it is obvious that this case of obsessive-compulsive personality dis order arises from an early childhood fixation. which typeRead MoreContemporary Applications of Schools in Psychology8487 Words   |  34 PagesFrom each distinctive viewpoint there arose unique theories and concepts that can be seen applied widely in various fields in today’s world. These perspectives can be seen in contemporary fields within applied psychology like clinical psychology, social psychology, forensic psychology, health psychology, industrial or organizational psychology, community psychology, consumer psychology, applied behavioral analysis, environmental psychology, legal psychology, military psychology, political psychologyRead MoreAbnormal Psychology. Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior20707 Words   |  83 PagesModels of Abnormal Behavior Computerized Interviews Psychological Tests STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT 77–80 Neuropsychological Assessment Reliability Behavioral Assessment Validity Cognitive Assessment Physiological Measurement SOCIOCULTURAL AND ETHNIC FACTORS IN ASSESSMENT 99–100 SUMMING UP 100–101 T R U T H or F I C T I O N â€Å"Jerry Has a Panic Attack on the Interstate† Interviewer: Can you tell me a bit about what it was that brought you to the clinic? Jerry: Well, . . . after the first of the